Abstract:
Agriculture is a cornerstone of Kenya's economy, yet declining soil fertility and low adoption of sustainable agricultural
technologies, such as biochar, have hindered productivity among smallholder farmers. Biochar is perceived to be a costeffective technology especially among resource constraint farming households. Despite many smallholder farmers
acknowledging the importance of biochar as a soil amendment, most farmers face socio-economic barriers that hinder its
adoption at scale. This study focused on how socio-economic factors influence adoption intensity of biochar, with a focus on
the farming households in the sub-humid regions of Western Kenya. Employing a multistage stratified sampling procedure and
Heckman selection model, the study reveals that awareness of biochar, access to credits, total land used in farming and
education level positively and significantly influences adoption of biochar while total land owned in acres negatively and
significantly influences adoption of biochar. Similarly, awareness of biochar, access to credits, and education level positively
and significantly influences adoption intensity of biochar while terms of land ownership negatively and significantly influence
adoption intensity of biochar. The study identifies awareness of biochar, education, credit access, and land ownership as key
factors influencing its adoption by smallholder farmers. Promoting biochar as a soil amendment and carbon sequestration
technique for farmers should be the main goal of the government, non-governmental organizations, and development
organizations. Promoting the advantages of biochar for crop yields and soil fertility should be spearheaded by the Ministry of
Agriculture's Extension Department. While development organizations offer financial assistance and training to promote
adoption, policymakers should push farmer cooperatives to reduce the cost of biochar production and implementation
