| dc.description.abstract | Pyroprocessing is an important stage in cement manufacturing. In this process, materials are subjected to high temperatures so as
to cause a chemical or physical change. Its control improves efficiency in energy utilization and hence enhances production for
good quality assurance. Kilns used in cement manufacturing are complex in nature. *ey have longer time constants, and raw
materials used have variable properties. *ey are therefore difficult to control. Additionally, the inclusion of various alternative
fuels in burning makes the process more complex as the fuel characteristics remain inconsistent throughout the kiln operation.
Fuel intensity standards for kilns using fuel oil are very high, ranging from 2.9 GJ to 7.5 GJ/ton of clinker produced. Grinding of
clinker consumes power in the range of 2.5 kWh/ton of clinker produced. *ese and other pyroprocessing parameters make
cement production costly. *e pyroprocessing process in kilns and the grinding technologies therefore have to be optimized for
best processing. *is paper discusses the cement manufacturing and grinding processes. *e traditional kiln technologies and the
current and emerging technologies together with general fuel and energy requirements of cement manufacturing have been
discussed. From the discussion, it has been established that the cement manufacturing and grinding technologies are capitalintensive investments. *e kiln processes are advanced and use both electricity and natural fuels which are expensive and limited
factors of production. *e raw materials used in cement manufacturing are also limited and sometimes rare. *e calcination of the
raw materials requires external energy input which has contributed to the high cost of cement especially to low-income population
in the developing countries. Self-calcining materials, in which the pozzolanic materials burn on their own, are potential pozzolanic
materials with great potential to lower the cost of cement production. Such materials, as shown from the previous research study,
are rice husks, broken bricks, spent bleaching earth, and lime sludge. *ere is a need, therefore, for research to look into ways of
making cement using kiln processes that would use this property. *is will be cost-effective if successful. It can be done at microand small-scale enterprise. | en_US |
